I've seen estimates that the Clinton increases were about 80B/yr. We can't actually compare the relative scale to Bush's rate increases because the economy went into recession and revenues actually fell at first. Today totally federal taxes as a % of GDP are lower today than under Clinton. They reached ~19% under Clinton, we are sitting somewhere around 16% today. Since the economy boomed under Clinton, you can't very well argue increasing the total take back to closer to 19% would tank the economy, and 3% of GDP today raises an additional raises $750B, so you'd cut the annual deficit growth about in half. Not sure how fast the Biden infrastructure spending will start rolling off the books, but that should reduce another big chunk a few years out.
It's not the economics that are broken, just the politics.
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FYFRGDA188S