I’m not sure there are any rules that contemplate the throwing of the sliding glove specifically, but there are a couple rules that might point indirectly to it.
6.01(a)(6): If, in the judgment of the umpire, a base runner willfully and deliberately interferes with a batted ball or a fielder in the act of fielding a batted ball with the obvious intent to break up a double play, the ball is dead. The umpire shall call the runner out for interference and also call out the batter-runner because of the action of his teammate. In no event may bases be run or runs scored because of such action by a runner (see Rule 6.01(j)).
Rule 5.09(a)(8): If, in the umpire’s judgment, there is intent on the part of a baserunner to interfere with a batted or thrown ball by dropping the helmet or throwing it at the ball, then the runner would be out, the ball dead and runners would return to last base legally touched.
The first one specifies breaking up a double play, and the second one specifies a helmet and nothing else, but they both reflect the spirit on what happened with Naylor, and a sharp umpire who has committed every word to memory could possibly have repurposed either of these rules to apply here.